activists and non activists

Lastly, we asked participants to judge whether the non-activist was an asset to the environmental movement (1 –Detrimental to the movement to 7- Beneficial to the movement). Only moral obligation and individual responsibility differed significantly p = .005, 95%CI [-1.23, -0.22]. The study took about 5 minutes. Replicating the findings from Study 1, follow-up univariate analyses revealed that the communicated motivations for inaction had an effect on perceptions of selfishness F(2,104) = 7.93, p = .001, ηp2 = .13, but also on the perceptions of morality of the non-activist, F(2,104) = 4.21, p = .017, ηp2 = .08. Her protesting lead to one of the largest boycotts in history, lasting for three hundred eighty-five days. It is possible that activists held a bitter grudge against those who did not show up, because their absence directly undermines the unity of the group in the face of adversaries, like in the case of strikers and strikebreakers [27, 7]. Second, the activists thought that those who did not come are more representative of the adversary group: Mtargetnon-activists = 4.15, SE = 0.35 vs. Mtargetactivists = 2.05, SE = 0.39, F(1, 78) = 18,72, p < . peaceful protest oxygen By Murphy McAnulty. For example, research on confrontation of discrimination suggests that those who address injustice are appreciated and receive support, at least from their own group [22]. Demographics. Please join StudyMode to read the full document. She later spoke up and said that Neely once whipped her with “a bundle of rods, prepared in the embers, and bound together with cords.” During this time that she began praying aloud when she became scared or hurt. There were no other effects. We asked the same items as in Study 1. We showed that the motives put forward as explanations for (in)action play an important role in bringing or further separating the two groups. We excluded the non-activists who identified as a member of a political organization from the analyses (the analyses remained the same if included those as well, see Supplementary Materials). (Scandiffio) Really, without Raymond, one of the most influential acts of protest in the name of equal rights to ever be made, may have... ...Sandra Cisneros: Writer and Activist Additionally, even when the reasons for inaction were not known (Study 4), or the non-activists engaged in individual action for the same cause, activists perceived a psychological distance between themselves and their audience. Activists and Non-Activists: Differential Activist Identification in the Tea Party and Occupy Movements . In sum, the findings indicated that activists evaluated their own fellow group members as more selfless and moral than those who did not show up. Activist wisdom has been gathered from a survey of nearly 200 people about how to sustain ourselves as activists. We did not find much support for Hypothesis 3 that communicating moral motivation for action is evaluated more positively than communicating instrumental motivation. Character evaluation. Communicating shared identities signals inclusion, and can help activists define the non-activists as part of their group [21, 4, 1], which in turn should make them more popular among non-activists. 001, ηp2 = .15. Supervision, All participants were given a written informed consent, which they signed before they took part in the study. Call special board meeting to meet with team and consider the communication. As in Study 1, the participants read about a person J. who cares about the environment, but still decided not to join the demonstrations because they did not feel (individually or collectively) morally obliged to fight against climate change vs. did not believe that (individual or collective) presence at the protest will have any effect on the political powers. The current set of studies contributes to the literature on collective action by illuminating a blind spot, namely the mutual perceptions and evaluations of activists and non-activists. This list of peace activists includes people who have proactively advocated diplomatic, philosophical, and non-military resolution of major territorial or ideological disputes through nonviolent means and methods. ministerial offices. Anger may be interpreted as a signal of aggressive behavior, and such negative stereotypes lead to less support for activists’ cause among the general public [24]. PLOS ONE promises fair, rigorous peer review, Thus, activists like Vanessa Nakate and many other people of color are involved firsthand in Fridays for Future and other social movements surrounding climate change. Activist vs. Non-Activist Monetary Policy: Optimal Rules Under Extreme Uncertainty (A Primer on Robust Control) Peter von zur Muehlen January 12, 2001 EDITORIAL NOTE This working paper is a re-issue of an unpublished manuscript written eighteen years ago. 12 Trans Women and Non-Binary Activists You Should Have Learned About in History Class this link is to an external site that may or may not meet accessibility guidelines. Additionally, and in contrast to Hypothesis 2, individual framing was perceived as somewhat more selfish than the collective framing (Mindividual = 4.13, SE = 0.20; Mcollective = 3.47, SE = 0.21), F(1,104) = 5.28, p = .024, ηp2 = .05. Research on opinion-based groups [39] suggests that interaction is important in the development of shared norms and commitment to a political cause. If not, why not? Activist definition, an especially active, vigorous advocate of a cause, especially a political cause. Activists and Non-activists: Psychological Study of American College Students: Amazon.es: Kerpelman, Larry C.: Libros en idiomas extranjeros Faith in the effectiveness of collective action in affecting social change facilitates participation, however, even activists do not always believe in it [3]. We thus conclude that activists are more likely to distance themselves from non-activists than vice versa. Stevens was also one of the key leaders of the Radical Republican Movement of the 1860’s (“Thaddeus Stevens”). Study 2 was conducted with non-activists, which enabled us to test Hypothesis 3 and Hypothesis 4. No, Is the Subject Area "Social movements" applicable to this article? Again, for non-activists, the absolute mean difference was smaller: Mtargetnon-activists = 3.70, SE = 0.20 vs. Mtargetactivists = 2.43, SE = 0.23, F(1, 78) = 20.43, p < .001, ηp2 = .21. Not only did she escape those bonds, but she helped lead the way to freedom for many others. The 2012 Obama Campaign enlisted 2.2 million volunteers. In the paper, The Agency Costs of Agency Capitalism: Activist Investors and the Revaluation of Governance Rights, Gilson and Gordon point out that, corporation ownership nowadays is no longer dispersed as before. The participants were randomly assigned to one of the four conditions and were asked to read about a fellow student J. who did not come to the demonstration. The average age of this sample was relatively young (Mage = 20.2; SD = 2.09, range 17–29; 65% women, 34.3% men, one person did not disclose their gender) and the participants were university students from various disciplines. Follow- up univariate analyses revealed only one significant main effect of Motivation on selfishness ratings, F(1,188) = 8.74, p = .004, ηp2 = .05. A two-way MANOVA on perceptions of representativeness yielded a significant multivariate main effect of Framing, Wilks’ Lambda = .95, F(2,137) = 3.70, p = .027, ηp2 = .05; but no significant effect of Motivation, Wilks’ Lambda = .99, F(2,137) = 0.44, p = .647, ηp2 = .01, or interaction, Wilks’ Lambda > .99, F(2,137) = 0.37, p = .692, ηp2 = .01. Moreover, activists and non-activists may change their views of each other after the opportunity to engage in a face-to-face interaction. Accordingly, activists are individuals who engage in various forms of collective action, such as protests, demonstrations, building occupation, etc. At the same time, they may also perceive non-activists as those who do not demonstrate sufficient solidarity with the group [7]. Overall, we expected non-activists to have less positive views of activists who use individual or instrumental motivations to justify participation in the protest. The response rate was high: 77% of the total number of protesters approached (i.e., 248) agreed to take part in the study. Furthermore, our studies did not examine whether communicating affective motivation (i.e., anger at the unjust situation or lack thereof) influences non-activists’ and activists’ mutual perceptions. For example, prior work on confrontation of discrimination suggests that confronters who act out of self-interest are more likely to be perceived as complainers by perceivers than those who act out of altruistic or moral reasons [30]. The principal component analysis with Oblimin rotation extracted two factors with eigenvalues larger than one, which explained 54.67% variance. Perceived psychological distance. Activist vs Non-Activist . Do you think activists could say anything to non-activists to convince them to accept the activist position, and vice versa? Citation: Kutlaca M, van Zomeren M, Epstude K (2020) Friends or foes? Study 4 (N = 103) further supported this pattern of findings by showing that activists perceived larger intergroup differences than non-activists. A person who strongly opposes the notion of war and any kind of violent military action can be defined as a peace activist. However, previous research on those who challenge discrimination warns against assuming that activists always have full support of the broader ingroup [23, 8], though the contexts described in those studies referred mostly to the cases of individual discrimination where the audience could not directly profit from the action. Writing – review & editing, Affiliation The principal component analyses with Oblimin rotation extracted three weakly correlated factors (correlations ranged from |.14| to |.20|) reflecting the three dimensions, with eigenvalues larger than one, which explained 60.37% variance. Moreover, members of the general public endorsing negative stereotypes of activists (e.g., perceive them as militant or eccentric) are less likely to adopt the behaviors they promote [24]. The broader survey included the Schwartz value questionnaire and various questionnaires on environmental behavior and identity, and this part of the data has been published [37]. We used the original items to calculate an average rating for selfish (items: selfish, egoistic, and arrogant; Cronbach’s α = .77) and moral scale (items: social, honest, moral, and principled; Cronbach’s α = .69). Collective) between-subjects design. 001, ηp2 = .29. The participants identified on average as moderate, but leaning to the left of the political spectrum (M = 3.36, SD = 1.67). Examining mutual perceptions between activists and non-activists is an important question, because one of the key goals of collective action is to mobilize public support for the activists’ cause [3]. She is actively engaged through her public writings and public appearances with issues that have to do with the education, or lack thereof, of Latinos, particularly Mexican Americans. The Power of the Non-Activist. No, Is the Subject Area "Social communication" applicable to this article? We ran a two-way Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) with Motivation (Moral vs. Schwarz forcefully denounced the government’s racial policies and spoke out strongly against anti-Semitism. Three participants were excluded from the analyses: two turned out to be younger than 16 years and could not participate in a study without a parental consent according to the Dutch law; one person failed to fill out the survey completely. See more. In contrast, non-activists perceived the two groups as equally selfless (Mtargetactivists = 2.76, SE = 0.18 vs. Mtargetnon-activists = 2.90, SE = 0.20), F(1, 80) = 0.52, p = . Character evaluation. We opted against a motivational definition of activism, because activists’ and non-activists’ motivations may vary greatly depending on the context of collective action [20]. Moreover, in order to validate our assumptions that given motivations for inaction are typically associated with non-activists, we asked our participants to evaluate the extent to which our fictitious character was representative of the general public. Importantly, the results suggest that the activists could harvest non-activists’ support especially by using collective and inclusive language. We did not manipulate the motivations for (in)actions, but we examined the support for Hypothesis 5 by investigating how activists and non-activists evaluate both subgroups at the same time. If those who seek social change act as “entrepreneurs of identity” [32, 33], they can potentially pull closer the audience they are targeting, and these strategies should be particularly useful during the recruitment stage of mobilization process [6]. One of the biggest issues with unbalanced designs is the probability that the assumption of homogeneity is violated. Little is known about how activists and non-activists perceive and evaluate each other. The study was approved by the ethics committee of University of Groningen. Future research should examine the impact of affective language on the relations between activists and their audiences. Kutlaca and her colleagues found that activists did not feel personally close to non-activists and viewed them as selfish. The study was approved by the ethics committee of University of Groningen. Yes However, there were no effects of manipulations on these variables: Motivation, Wilks’ Lambda = .98, F(3,176) = 1.43, p = .232, ηp2 = .02; Framing, Wilks’ Lambda > .99, F(3,176) = 0.24, p = .869, ηp2 < .01, or interaction, Wilks’ Lambda = .99, F(3,176) = 0.39, p = .762, ηp2 = .01. Semantically, “activist” and “activism” are convenient descriptors for participants in social movements and are commonly used by social movement scholars. Yes Share ownership is reconcentrated by institutional investors who “owned over 70% of the outstanding stock of the thousand largest US public companies”. On the other hand, a non-activist communicating lack of anger as a reason for inaction may be disliked by activists, because activists may interpret lack of anger as siding with the perpetrators. Activists sometimes see non-activists as potential allies and resources to be mobilized [6]. The experiment was administered at the very end of a larger survey on environmental activism, reducing the final number of participants who took part in the experiment to 112. Under military control, the South was required to have new elections. Personal responsibility) and Framing (Individual vs. For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click Moreover, some activists are formal members of political movements and they may also be involved in organizing and mobilizing others to take part in them [12, 3]. The researchers visited a protest against the student loan system at The Hague, demonstrations in Amsterdam and Paris during United Nations climate change talks, and a protest against nuclear weapons in New York to gather data. We used shortened version of the scales in previous studies to evaluate the character of the non-activist: selfish (selfish and egoistic, r [109] = .71, p < .001), moral (moral, honest, social, Cronbach α = .61) and rational (realistic and irrational [reverse coded], r[109] = .60, p < .001). On the other hand, supporting Hypothesis 4, when the activist communicated collective reasons for action, they were perceived even more positively by non-activists (Study 2). Again, through her public wirings and appearances, she is actively engaged in the politics of how Latinos, particularly Mexican-Americans, are represented or not represented in society, politics, and the media. Yes Rather, they saw the non-activist as someone representing the adversary group (M = 3.45, SD = 1.78). No, Is the Subject Area "Motivation" applicable to this article? The Americans were plagued with fatigue, underemployment, hunger, and depression at the start of the 1930’s, still recuperating from the stock market crash of ’29 and the non-involvement policies of a non-activist government. Twitter has said in a blog post that it won’t block the accounts of politicians, journalists and activists in India, despite being ordered to do so by the Modi government. In the two instrumental conditions, J. said “…I believe that my personal presence [our collective presence at the protest as current students] will not have an effect on the government’s plans for education in the future [for future students]”. Peace activists usually work with others in the overall anti-war and peace movementsto focus the world's attention on what they perceive to be the irrationality of violent conflicts, decisions, and actions. Cisneros has written two novels, a collection of short stories, and three books of poetry. Participants were asked to evaluate both those who went to protest today and those who did not (in counterbalanced order) in terms of selfishness, morality and rationality using items used as in Study 1 and Study 2. Importantly, and in support of Hypothesis 4, when an activist communicated collective motivations, they were seen as more psychologically close (both on an individual level, and as a more representative group member) to those who did not participate. In 1817, she was forced to marry an older slave named Thomas. Due to the international character of this event, the study was translated to English, Dutch and French. Cisneros’ reputation extends beyond the U.S. She spoke only Dutch until she was sold from her family around the age of nine. Conceptualization, Thus, we expect activists to perceive greater differences between themselves and the non-activists, by evaluating their own group more positively and the non-activists more negatively, whereas we expect non-activists to feel equally positive about both groups (Hypothesis 5). Defining ourselves as activists’ means defining our actions as the ones which will bring about social change, thus disregarding the activity of thousands upon thousands of other non-activists. The complete questionnaires and datasets for each study can be found here: https://osf.io/72yjc/. This is important because activists often depend on societal support to achieve their goals. She died a woman that many consider not only the mother of civil rights, but an American hero. 4. This was done to eliminate the possibility that the effects are driven by the perceived differences in opinions, which was already shown by prior work [26], rather than motivations for inaction. In the two additional conditions, J. expressed that … ‘ I, as an individual [we, as people who care about the environment] would [should] rather focus my[our] energy on ‘being the change’ (e.g. The quantitative survey data, however, relies solely on self-identification to categorize activists and non-activists, without regard to political ideology. Personal Responsibility) x Framing (Individual vs. Ms. Foundation Activist Collaboration Fund – Interview and Research Insights The strategy and operational decisions for the Activist Collaboration Fund were heavily informed by insights that activists and movement leaders shared with Ms. staff and its consulting partner, Groundwork Partners, during a four-month literature review and stakeholder engagement process in the Fall of 2019. Demographics. The activists believed that the non-activist who used either moral (M = 3.15; SE = 0.27) or instrumental motivation (M = 2.94; SE = 0.26) as an argument for inaction was a hindrance to the environmental movement; the two did not differ significantly p = .593, 95%CI [-0.55, 0.95]. The activists perceived themselves as more personally distant to the non-activist who communicated moral reason for inaction (M = 2.46, SE = 0.15) than to the non-activist who communicated instrumental reason for inaction (M = 2.90, SE = 0.16). These institutional investors consisted of large funds show little incentive to take the active role of monitoring their portfolios or challenging boards and management. Cisneros actively promotes literature and literary culture through the two foundations she established and which she... StudyMode - Premium and Free Essays, Term Papers & Book Notes. Negative evaluations and the exaggeration of the differences between the two groups may be the consequence of activists’ need for positive distinctiveness [38]. Since 1776 when our Declaration of Independence was signed, the government’s involvement in the peoples lives, domestically and internationally has always been a controversial issue. Instrumental) and Framing (Individual vs. The analysis yielded a significant effect for Dimension F(1.40, 121.83) = 52.68, p <. The item social loaded on the moral dimension. The study was approved by the ethics committee of University of Osnabrück. November 4, 2012. Main effect of Target F(1,78) = 3.06, p = .084, ηp2 = .04, Dimension x Participation interaction F(1,78) = 2.74, p = . Nonetheless, they did not feel personally close to the non-activist irrespective of the reasons used to justify the inaction. The participants identified on average as leftists (M = 1.78; SD = 0.90). We created two subscales that captured the extent to which activists were perceived as selfish (items: selfish, egoistic, arrogant; Cronbach’s α = .87) and moral (items: social, moral, honest, principled; Cronbach’s α = .85); and two subscales that captured the extent to which non-activists were perceived as selfish (items: selfish, egoistic, arrogant; Cronbach’s α = .85), and moral (items: social, moral, honest, principled; Cronbach’s α = .90). The poorer black neighborhoods had a horrible run with typhoid and tuberculosis and the white did not want any of the blacks... ...Rosa Parks was a civil rights activist in the nineteen fifties.

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